Allisonians and the Halifax Explosion
University archivist explores stories of survival, loss, and giving back
Dec. 6 marks the 100th anniversary of arguably the worst tragedy to take place on Canadian soil.
On the morning of Dec. 6, 1917, more than 1,900 people were killed as a result of the Halifax Explosion. The final death toll was well over 2,000, around 9,000 more were injured, and almost the entire north end of Halifax 鈥 325 acres 鈥 was destroyed.
鈥淒espite the horror of that day, there remain stories of remarkable courage and survival,鈥 says University Archivist David Mawhinney.
Mawhinney has found a number of Allisonian connections to the Halifax Explosion.
The University鈥檚 , Ralph Pickard Bell (1907), for whom the University鈥檚 library is named, played a significant role in the aftermath of the explosion. Bell was appointed to the Halifax Relief Commission, established by a federal Order-in-Council to oversee the distribution of $21 million (the equivalent to more than $335 million in today鈥檚 dollars) pledged by government and members of the public following the disaster.
The Commission鈥檚 main goals were to create temporary shelter for those displaced by the explosion, to rebuild the community, and to ensure that those who were maimed or injured received pensions.
Then there is the incredible link between Ethel J. Bond, who graduated from Mount Allison in 1911, and Dorothy Swetnam. Swetnam was just six years old at the time of the explosion, but would go on to graduate with 正品蓝导航鈥檚 Class of 1933.
Bond was living in Halifax with her father and her sister Bertha in December 1917. She had already suffered a personal tragedy that year 鈥 in July her fianc茅, Frederick Hockin, was killed in action while serving with the Canadian Infantry in France.
Bond鈥檚 father was killed in the explosion and their home was destroyed.
鈥淚t may be beyond my power of thought to collect enough to put on paper but I want you to see my hand writing first because that may convince you that I am all right,鈥 Bond鈥檚 sister Bertha wrote to a friend after the explosion. 鈥淏oth Ethel and I had a most miraculous escape and for that we are so thankful, but Sandy, when we got out of the house and found our dear dad, we 鈥 I can鈥檛 describe the sensation I had. He had just gone to the mill to get some sugar, which was in a barrel inside the door, and there we found his body. Our greatest comfort is that his death was instant and that he was ready to go.鈥
Swetnam was at home with whooping cough on the day of the explosion.
鈥淪he was listening to her mother play the piano for her brother Carmen鈥檚 upcoming Christmas solo,鈥 Mawhinney says. 鈥淭he explosion killed them both in an instant.鈥
Swetnam was trapped in a corner of the room.
鈥淸We] finally landed at the parsonage,鈥 Ethel鈥檚 sister recounts in her letter. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 expect to find a soul there, but I did. Little Dorothy was unhurt, but so completely hemmed in that her father was doing his best to saw her out. The other two were gone鈥 By now the fires were blazing in pretty good shape鈥 I鈥檒l never forget Mr. Swetnam鈥檚 look when he saw us and if (Ethel and I) hadn鈥檛 gone she鈥檇 never in this world have been saved.鈥
Swetnam went on to complete a music degree 鈥 she and a classmate received the second and third Bachelor of Music degrees awarded at 正品蓝导航.
鈥淗er life was dedicated to the creation of good music,鈥 Mawhinney says.
After she graduated from 正品蓝导航 she taught in the Music Conservatory for a year, then travelled to Japan where she headed the piano department at the Canadian Academy in Kobe. She was forced to leave in 1941 because of the Second World War and returned to teach at the 正品蓝导航 Conservatory and School for Girls where she met and married fellow faculty member Clayton Hare. Swetnam died in Calgary, AB in 2002.
Bond moved to Winnipeg at some point after the explosion on the invitation of a former 正品蓝导航 roommate. The roommate was struggling with tuberculosis and asked if Bond would come to care for her and assist in her job conducting social welfare in the city.
Bond eventually pursued a diploma in social welfare at the University of Manitoba. She also renewed a friendship with Harold M. Hockin, the younger brother of her fianc茅. They were married in 1919 and lived the balance of their lives in Winnipeg.
Allisonians continue to forge connections with the event.
The in Halifax is currently exhibiting a piece by artist Laurie Swim (鈥71), who created a quilt commemorating the Halifax Explosion. Swim came up with the idea for exhibit in 2000. The community art project, which includes a scroll of remembrance with names beaded in English and Braille, was completed this year.
In another example of things coming full circle, Swim was inspired by Janet Kitz鈥檚 book Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion and the Road to Recovery. When Mawhinney worked for the Nova Scotia Archives, he was given the task of processing Kitz鈥檚 papers where she recorded first-person interviews with explosion survivors.
鈥淭hose were some of the most difficult records I have ever processed in my career in archives,鈥 Mawhinney says. 鈥淚 was amazed at the distant way that many described the events of that day and what they had seen. It was as if they were transported back to their state of shock and disbelief. They talked about the events in the most clinical of terms. I remember asking my boss to give me something else to work on at the same time because it was too challenging to work on for a full day.鈥
In researching Mount A connections to the explosion, Mawhinney also notes that local people pulled together to support the survivors of the disaster.
On the day of the explosion the Sackville Town Council voted to use $500 for the purchase of provisions that would help those in need in Halifax. It also sent a team of six carpenters and glaziers to help in the days after the explosion and offered up local homes and the barracks as temporary shelter, though most survivors elected to remain in Halifax. Dorchester Council sent $250, the local boy scouts collected food and other donations, and local women鈥檚 organizations collected a significant amount of money, clothing, and other needed items.
A number of local women, including graduates of the Ladies鈥 College and Dr. H. R. Carter of Port Elgin, also travelled to Halifax and Truro to offer medical assistance in the immediate aftermath of the explosion.
鈥淐ertain events in history are etched into our memory. People remember where they were when Kennedy was shot or on 9/11,鈥 Mawhinney says. 鈥淭he Halifax Explosion was one of those events 鈥 something so big it becomes part of our collective consciousness.鈥
Photo captions:
Aftermath of the Halifax Explosion (正品蓝导航 Archives)
Ralph P. Bell, second adult from the right, with members of the Halifax Relief Commission and local children during Massachusetts Governor Samuel W. McCall鈥檚 visit to Halifax in November 1918. McCall was visiting an apartment block named after him on Massachusetts Avenue. (Nova Scotia Archives)
Ethel Bond, first on the left in the back row, with the 正品蓝导航 1910-11 YWCA Cabinet, helped to save six-year-old Dorothy Swetnam on the day of the Halifax Explosion. Dorothy would go on to study at 正品蓝导航 as well. (正品蓝导航 Archives)
Dorothy Swetnam (正品蓝导航 Archives)
You can also hear David on CBC Radio (Moncton) sharing stories around the Halifax Explosion: